Characteristics of shallow geothermal fields in major cities of Tibet Autonomous Region     

YANG Hai-jun  DONG Jian-xing  SUN Dong  HUANG Rui 《地下水科学与工程》2014,7(1):77-85

Based on the project titled “Investigation and evaluation of shallow geothermal energy in major cities of Tibet Autonomous Region”, the distribution characteristics and occurrence conditions of shallow geothermal fields in these cities were introduced in this paper. To this end, relevant data in Lhasa, Shigatse and Nyingchi Cities through vertical thermometry was a focus, so as to analyze groundwater temperature and the distribution law of strata with constant temperature. Then through comprehensive comparisons and analysis of the relationship between groundwater temperature and climate, differences in this aspect of Nagqu City were taken as a typical case to clarify formation of geothermal field and corresponding influence on groundwater temperature, furthermore providing basic data for rational development and utilization of shallow geothermal energy in Tibet Autonomous Region.  相似文献   

Causes of geothermal fields and characteristics of ground temperature fields in China     

MAO Xiao-ping  LI Ke-wen  WANG Xin-wei 《地下水科学与工程》2014,7(1):15-28

There are many arguments on energy sources and main controlling factors of geothermal fields, so a systematic study on the distribution of ground temperature fields shall be necessary. In this paper the thermal conduction forward method of geothermal field is used to simulate cooling rate of abnormal heat sources and heat transfer of the paleo-uplift model. Combined with a large number of geothermal field exploration cases and oil exploration well temperature curves of domestic and foreign, the following conclusions are drawn: (1) According to the magmatic activity time, the magmatism activities are divided into two categories: Magma active areas (activity time < 500 000 years) and weak/magma inactive areas (activity time > 500 000 years). The latter has a fast cooling rate (the cooling time of the magma pocket buried around 10 km is less than 200 000 years) after it has intruded into the shallow layer and it has no direct contribution to modern geothermal fields; (2) China belongs to a weak/magma inactive area such as Tengchong region and Qinghai-Tibet region because the chronological data of these regions show that its magma activity time is more than 500 000 years; (3) The temperature of most geothermal fields can be obviously divided into three segments in the vertical direction: A high geothermal gradient segment (Segment H) at the surface, then a low geothermal gradient segment (Segment L) at a secondary depth, and finally a lower temperature segment (Segment D) at a deeper depth. The temperature isoline presents a mirror reflection relation on the temperature profile, indicating that geothermal field is dominated by heat conduction, rather than having an abnormally high temperature “heat source” to provide heat; (4) Near-surface (0-5 km) materials’ lateral heterogeneity caused by tectonic movement shall probably be the main controlling factor of ground temperature fields.  相似文献   

温度对沸石吸钾量检测的影响研究     

陈燕芳  刘清辉  郑存江 《岩矿测试》2014,33(5):670-673

沸石具有选择性吸附钾离子的特性,吸钾量是沸石应用中一项重要的物化性能,温度是影响吸钾量测量结果准确度的重要因素。在现有的吸钾量测试方法中,由于对测试温度的规定较为模糊,基本不作设定或只注明室温,而室温随季节变化较大,测试方法的准确度和精密度无法得到保证。为完善吸钾量的测试方法,本文研究了实际温度对沸石吸钾量的影响。结果表明,在试验的温度范围内(11.5~80℃),沸石样品的吸钾量与温度呈稳定且相对固定的负相关,由此提出了吸钾量计算公式:E20=Et+k(t-t20)。根据该定量关系,本文提出吸钾量测试方法中需要明确规定吸钾量的测试温度为20℃;如果是在非20℃的实际温度下测量得到的吸钾量,可根据温度校正系数(k)转换到20℃条件下的吸钾量。这种吸钾量测试方法可在实际室温下进行,操作简单,无需使用控温装置;又能消除因时间和地域差异导致的室温波动的影响,使吸钾量测试结果具有更好的精密度和准确度。  相似文献   

Discrete modeling of strain accumulation in granular soils under low amplitude cyclic loading     

《Computers and Geotechnics》2014

An advanced understanding of the strain accumulation phenomenon in granular soils subjected to low amplitude cyclic loading with relatively high frequency is needed to enhance the ability to predict the settlement of granular soils induced by vibrations. In the current study, the discrete element method is used to study this phenomenon. A loose and a medium dense sample composed of a relatively large number of spheres are considered. A series of stress controlled cyclic triaxial tests with different excitation amplitudes and frequencies is performed on these samples at different static stress states. The response of these samples at the macroscopic and microscopic scales is analyzed. The sample density, the cyclic stress amplitude and the static stress state importantly affect strain accumulation. However, the cyclic excitation frequency has a small effect on strain accumulation. At the microscopic scale, frictional sliding occurring at a few contacts continuously dissipates energy and the fraction of these contacts varies periodically during cyclic loading. The coordination number of these samples increases slightly as strain accumulates. However, the anisotropy remains almost constant during low amplitude cyclic excitation. A qualitatively good agreement between numerical and experimental results is found.  相似文献   

耐高温泡沫钻井液技术研究概况及研究方向探讨   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

董海燕 《地质与勘探》2014,50(5):991-996

耐高温泡沫钻井液是对深井、超深井、高温地热井、干热岩等资源开采,特别是超高温资源的开采有效的钻井液之一。本文在分析耐高温泡沫钻井液面临的主要问题的基础上,对国内外抗高温泡沫处理剂、耐高温泡沫钻井液体系应用情况进行了介绍。深井、超深井、干热岩、地热井等钻探中会面临超高温、低压易漏地层,因此对低密度钻井液体系的要求也越来越高,主要技术难点是高温、低压,窄密度窗口钻井液的性能的控制。结合对耐高温泡沫钻井液主要技术难点的分析以及高温对泡沫钻井液的要求,综合目前耐高温泡沫钻井液技术的发展,由此得出：耐260℃以上抗高温、低密度泡沫钻井液处理剂及体系,耐高温泡沫钻井液测试仪器及评价方法是未来抗高温钻井液发展的方向。  相似文献   

Low-pressure evolution of arc magmas in thickened crust: The San Pedro–Linzor volcanic chain,Central Andes,Northern Chile     

《Journal of South American Earth Sciences》2014

Magmatism at Andean Central Volcanic Zone (CVZ), or Central Andes, is strongly influenced by differentiation and assimilation at high pressures that occurred at lower levels of the thick continental crust. This is typically shown by high light to heavy rare earth element ratios (LREE/HREE) of the erupted lavas at this volcanic zone. Increase of these ratios with time is interpreted as a change to magma evolution in the presence of garnet during evolution of Central Andes. Such geochemical signals could be introduced into the magmas be high-pressure fractionation with garnet on the liquidus and/or assimilation from crustal rocks with a garnet-bearing residue. However, lavas erupted at San Pedro–Linzor volcanic chain show no evidence of garnet fractionation in their trace element patterns. This volcanic chain is located in the active volcanic arc, between 22°00^′S and 22°30^′S, over a continental crust ∼70 km thick. Sampled lavas show Sr/Y and Sm/Yb ratios <40 and <4.0, respectively, which is significantly lower than for most other lavas of recent volcanoes in the Central Andes. In addition, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios from San Pedro–Linzor lava flows vary between 0.7063 and 0.7094. This is at the upper range, and even higher than those observed at other recent Central Andean volcanic rocks (<0.708). The area in which the San Pedro–Linzor volcanic chain is located is constituted by a felsic, Proterozoic upper crust, and a thin mafic lower crustal section (<25 km). Also, the NW–SE orientation of the volcanic chain is distinctive with respect to the N–S orientation of Central Andean volcanic front in northern Chile. We relate our geochemical observations to shallow crustal evolution of primitive magmas involving a high degree of assimilation of upper continental crust. We emphasize that low pressure AFC- (Assimilation Fractional Crystallization) type evolution of the San Pedro–Linzor volcanic chain reflects storage, fractionation, and contamination of mantle-derived magmas at the upper felsic crust (<40 km depth). The ascent of mantle-derived magmas to mid-crustal levels is related with the extensional regime that has existed in this zone of arc-front offset since Late-Miocene age, and the relatively thin portion of mafic lower crust observed below the volcanic chain.  相似文献   

黑龙江省春季浅层(0～20cm)地温变化特征及预报   总被引：9，自引：4，他引：5  

李帅  王萍  陈莉  姜丽霞  王晾晾  宫丽娟 《冰川冻土》2014,36(1):55-62

利用1981-2012年黑龙江省74个气象观测站的气温、0 cm、10 cm、20 cm地温春季(3-5月)逐日资料,分析了黑龙江省春季浅层地温、气温变化特征.结果表明:0 cm地温年际间波动大,全省平均1987年最低,2008年最高;全省变化存在明显的空间一致性;尽管气候变暖使1990年代以后春季0 cm地温偏低年出现相对减少,但是出现春季浅层地温偏低的年份比例仍超过三分之一,并具有南部、北部反向变化的特征,2005年以后南北差异有减小的趋势.各地3月份开始解冻,主要农区10 cm地温稳定通过6℃的日期主要集中在4月中下旬.以10 cm地温为预报量,利用黑龙江省逐日气温、20 cm地温资料建立春季浅层地温预报模型,回代和2013年预报检验平均绝对误差平均为1.05℃,绝对误差最大值为1.9℃,4月份的预报结果要好于3、5月,可以应用于业务指导.  相似文献   

对流层大气温度"蝴蝶形"震前异常          下载免费PDF全文

郝国成  董浩斌  曾佐勋  赵娟  Kashikin V.B. 《地球科学》2014,39(12):1818-1830

利用美国国家和海洋大气管理局(NOAA)的大气温度数据, 分析陆地地震和海洋地震震前震中上空的大气温度变化, 研究其作为地震短临前兆的可能性.地震样本包括2014年2月12日于田M_s7.3地震、2008年5月12日汶川M_s8.0地震、2011年3月11日日本M_s9.0地震、2014年4月1日智利M_s8.1海洋地震、2013年3月27日台湾南投县M_s6.1地震和2014年5月30日云南盈江M_s6.1地震.结果表明: (1)震前, 震中位置300~1 000 hPa大气温度有较为一致的变化趋势; (2)200 hPa与400 hPa处(根据不同地点可选择其他, 诸如350 hPa、300 hPa等高度数据)温度折线图在震前趋近或者相交, 出现类似蝴蝶翅膀的"蝴蝶形"特殊曲线形状; (3)200 hPa与400 hPa温度差等值线图在(震前数月、数周或数天不等)震中附近区域的数值减小, 温度差等值线图的塌陷最低点对应震中位置.以上规律有望应用于地震短临预测的时间与震中的确定.   相似文献   

耐高温（230 ℃）饱和盐水钻井液技术研究          下载免费PDF全文

陶士先  张丽君  单文军 《探矿工程》2014,41(1):21-26

我国未来深部大陆科学钻探计划深度为13000 m,温度梯度按3．0℃/100 m计算,井底温度将达到390℃以上,钻井液将面临超高温高压环境,钻井液技术将面临严峻考验。为此,开展了超高温钻井液的预研究,利用抗盐粘土、抗高温降滤失剂、抗高温解絮凝剂、抗高温保护剂等,研制了可用于230℃高温环境的饱和盐水钻井液配方。室内评价试验表明,用该配方配制的耐高温钻井液经230℃、16 h高温滚动老化后,具有良好的流动性能,高温高压失水量（210℃、3．45 MPa）＜35 mL/30 min。  相似文献   

温度对煤系泥岩力学特征影响的试验研究     

查文华  宋新龙  武腾飞 《岩土力学》2014,35(5):1334-1339

利用RMT-150B岩石力学试验系统和GD-65/150高低温环境箱,对经历不同温度后煤系泥岩的力学特性进行试验研究,分析不同温度下煤系泥岩的应力-应变全过程曲线、峰值应力、峰值应变、弹性模量、变形模量以及泊松比受温度的影响。研究结果表明,不同温度下泥岩的力学特性有差异。随温度的升高,其峰值应力、峰值应变有不同程度的降低,其峰值应力从25℃时的9.153 MPa下降到55℃时的8.271 MPa,降幅为9.6%;峰值应变从25℃时的11.002×10-3下降到55℃时的8.249×10-3,降幅达25.0%。弹性模量随温度的升高逐渐减小,变形模量随温度的升高而增大,泊松比随温度的升高逐渐减小,由此得到各参数变量随温度的变化关系。研究成果可为深井高温软岩巷道的围岩控制提供理论基础。  相似文献